What beneficial fungi assist roots in absorbing water and nutrients?

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots that play a crucial role in enhancing nutrient and water uptake. They form a network of fungal hyphae that extends beyond the root zone, increasing the surface area for absorption. This partnership allows the plant to access a larger volume of soil for water and essential nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium, which are often limited in availability.

The relationship benefits both organisms, as the plant provides carbohydrates and other organic compounds to the fungi produced through photosynthesis. This dynamic is essential for plant health and growth, especially in nutrient-poor soils. The presence of mycorrhizae can improve plant resilience to drought and soil-borne diseases, making them a vital component of healthy ecosystems.

In contrast, mycelium refers to the vegetative part of fungi, which may not demonstrate the symbiotic functions defined by mycorrhizae. Rhizomes are horizontal stems that produce new plants, usually associated with grasses and some perennials, but do not directly influence nutrient absorption. Endophytes are fungi that live inside plant tissues without causing harm, but they do not specifically assist in nutrient and water absorption like mycorrhizae do.